Inadequate Iodine Intake In Lactating Women In Sweden: A Pilot 1-Year, Prospective, Observational Study

Introduction Breastfed infants depend on breast-milk iodine for growth and brain development, as iodine is a trace element important for thyroid hormone production. Iodine need is higher during lactation; hence, mothers and children are at risk of iodine deficiency. We aimed to explore maternal iodine and thyroidal status during lactation. Material and methods Pregnant women were recruited in Goteborg, southwest Sweden. Maternal urine and serum were collected at pregnancy week 35-37 (n = 84) and 0.5, 4, and 12 months postpartum. Seventy mothers provided breast milk at 0.5 months. Results Median (interquartile range) breast-milk iodine concentration was 90 (66-116) mu g/L. About 58% had breast-milk iodine concentration <100 mu g/L. Iodine supplement users (n = 13) had higher breast-milk iodine concentration than non-users (n = 49) (140 mu g/L vs 71 mu g/L,P = .001). Exclusively breastfeeding women at 4 months postpartum (n = 57) had lower median urinary iodine concentration (85 mu g/L vs 133 mu g/L,P = .004) and higher thyroglobulin serum concentration (22.3 mu g/L vs 11.8 mu g/L,P = .032) than non-exclusively breastfeeding women (n = 25). Concentrations of thyroid hormones were unaffected. Conclusions This pilot study suggests that lactating women in southwest Sweden present mildly inadequate iodine intake, mainly among non-iodine supplement users and exclusively breastfeeding mothers. Studies on the coverage of the iodine fortification program in breastfeeding women are warranted.