The CTCF Anatomy of Topologically Associating Domains

Topologically associated domains (TADs) are defined as regions of self-interaction. To date, it is unclear how to reconcile TAD structure with CTCF site orientation, which is known to coordinate chromatin loops anchored by Cohesin rings at convergent CTCF site pairs. We first approached this problem by 4C analysis of the locus. This uncovered a CTCF loop encompassing but not its entire TAD. However, adjacent CTCF sites were able to form ‘back-up’ loops and these were located at TAD boundaries. We then analysed the spatial distribution of CTCF patterns along the genome together with a boundary identity conservation ‘gradient’ obtained from primary blood cells. This revealed that divergent CTCF sites are enriched at boundaries and that convergent CTCF sites mark the interior of TADs. This conciliation of CTCF site orientation and TAD structure has deep implications for the further study and engineering of TADs and their boundaries.