Chronic immobilization stress induces anxiety-related behaviors and affects brain essential minerals in male rats

Alterations of essential elements in the brain are associated with the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. It is known that chronic/overwhelming stress may cause some anxiety and/or depression. We aimed to investigate the effects of two different chronic immobilization stress protocols on anxiety-related behaviors and brain minerals. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups as follows (n = 10/group): control, immobilization stress-1 (45 minutes daily for 7-day) and immobilization stress-2 (45 minutes twice a day for 7-day). Stress-related behaviors were evaluated by open field test and forced swimming test. In the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups, percentage of time spent in the central area (6.38 +/- 0.41% and 6.28 +/- 1.03% respectively, p < 0.05) and rearing frequency (2.75 +/- 0.41 and 3.85 +/- 0.46, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) were lower, latency to center area (49.11 +/- 5.87 s and 44.92 +/- 8.04 s, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), were higher than the control group (8.65 +/- 0.49%, 5.37 +/- 0.44 and 15.3 +/- 3.32 s, respectively). In the immobilization stress-1 group, zinc (12.65 +/- 0.1 ppm, p < 0.001), magnesium (170.4 +/- 1.7 ppm, p < 0.005) and phosphate (2.76 +/- 0.1 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were lower than the control group (13.87 +/- 0.16 ppm, 179.31 +/- 1.87 ppm and 3.11 +/- 0.06 ppm, respectively). In the immobilization stress-2 group, magnesium (171.56 +/- 1.87 ppm, p < 0.05), phosphate (2.44 +/- 0.07 ppm, p < 0.001) levels were lower, and manganese (373.68 +/- 5.76 ppb, p < 0.001) and copper (2.79 +/- 0.15 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were higher than the control group (179.31 +/- 1.87 ppm, 3.11 +/- 0.06 ppm, 327.25 +/- 8.35 ppb and 2.45 +/- 0.05 ppm, respectively). Our results indicated that 7-day chronic immobilization stress increased anxiety-related behaviors in both stress groups. Zinc, magnesium, phosphate, copper and manganese levels were affected in the brain.