A Simple Metastatic Brain Cancer Model Using Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cerebral Organoids

Every year, hundreds of thousands of people die because of metastatic brain cancer. Most metastatic cancer research uses 2D cell culture or animal models, but they have a few limitations, such as difficulty reproducing human tissue structures. This study developed a simple 3D in vitro model to better replicate brain metastasis using human cancer cells and human embryonic stem cell-derived cerebral organoids (metastatic brain cancer cerebral organoid [MBCCO]). The MBCCO model successfully reproduced metastatic cancer processes, including cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration, in addition to cell-cell interactions. Using the MBCCO model, we demonstrated that lung-specific X protein (LUNX) plays an important role in cell proliferation and migration or invasion. We also observed astrocyte accumulation around and their interaction with cancer cells through connexin 43 in the MBCCO model. We analyzed whether the MBCCO model can be used to screen drugs by measuring the effects of gefitinib, a well-known anticancer agent. We also examined the toxicity of gefitinib using normal cerebral organoids (COs). Therefore, the MBCCO model is a powerful tool for modeling human metastatic brain cancer in vitro and can also be used to screen drugs.