Intra-axonal mechanisms driving axon regeneration.

•Axonal injury in the PNS invokes axon-to-soma signals through backpropaogating wave of Ca2+.•Increased axoplasmic Ca2+. ivates axonal Importin-β protein and transcription factor synthesis.•growthSubsequent transport of both proteins and mRNAs from soma-to-axon support axon growth.•Increased axoplasmic Ca2+ due to release from intracellular stores can also trigger axon degeneration.•Depletion of ER Ca2+ initiates axon regeneration mechanisms with traumatic injury but also axon death in CIPN.