Influence of annealing and keV-ion implantation into tungsten on deuterium retention and permeation: The dependence on bulk and surface microstructure

•The W with intense damage levels (1.57 × 104 and 3.14 × 103 dpa) have been prepared.•The D retention isn’t saturated but increases with damage level in 1000s’ dpa range.•Rate-limiting-step is the same, while the implanted sample has a higher permeability.