Accumulation of heterocyclic amines across low-temperature sausage processing stages as revealed by UPLC-MS/MS

The accumulation of heterocyclic amines (HAs) in low-temperature sausages in each processing stage was investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The maximum total levels for free HAs, protein-bound HAs, and all HAs were respectively 1.91 ng/g, 162.91 ng/g and 164.82 ng/g. Harman, norharman, Glu-P-1, and PhIP accumulated from raw sausages and reached maximum of 50.88 ng/g, 84.59 ng/g, 9.60 ng/g, and 4.69 ng/g after steaming. The highest level of IQ[4,5-b] was 0.36 ng/g found in raw sausages. A alpha C, MeA alpha C, DMIP, and 1,5,6-TMIP were all produced after drying and reached maximum after steaming: 3.25 ng/g, 6.52 ng/g, 0.15 ng/g, and 2.78 ng/g. Additionally, Phe-P-1 reached a maximum of only 0.02 ng/g after drying. MeIQ was generated only after steaming, reaching a maximum of 2.11 ng/g. These results may provide some basis for the inhibition of HAs in meat products through target processing stages.