Radiation Environment Investigations During Exomars Missions to Mars - Objectives, Experiments and Instrumentation

Deep space manned missions are already a near future of astronautics. Radiation risk on such a long-duration journey appears to be one of the basic factors in planning and designing the mission. The paper relates to the scientific objectives and experiments for investigation of the radiation environment to be carried out during the ExoMars 2016 and 2018 joint missions of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Federal Space Agency of Russia (Roscosmos) to Mars. The following topics are described: 1) The charged particle telescope and the experiment Liulin-MO for measuring the radiation environment on board the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter satellite as a part of the Fine Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector (FREND) and 2) Liulin-ML experiment and instrument for investigating the radiation environment on Mars as a part of the active detector of neutrons and gamma rays (ADRON) on the Russian surface platform for ExoMars 2018 mission. Liulin detectors will be used in combination with the neutron detectors to study the radiation conditions both from charged particles and neutrons during the cruise phase, in Mars orbit and on the surface of Mars.