Covid-19 And Restaurant Demand: Early Effects Of The Pandemic And Stay-At-Home Orders

PurposeThis paper aims to evaluate the early effects of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and accompanying stay-at-home orders on restaurant demand in US counties.Design/methodology/approachThe following two sets of daily restaurant demand data were collected for each US county: foot traffic data and card transaction data. A two-way fixed-effects panel data model was used to estimate daily restaurant demand from February 1 to April 30, 2020.FindingsResults show that a 1% increase in daily new COVID-19 cases led to a 0.0556% decrease in daily restaurant demand, while stay-at-home orders were collectively associated with a 3.25% drop in demand. The extent of these declines varied across counties; ethnicity, political ideology, eat-in habits and restaurant diversity were found to moderate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home orders.Practical implicationsThese results characterize the regional restaurant industry's resilience to COVID-19 and identify particularly vulnerable areas that may require pubic policies and managerial strategies for intervention.Originality/valueThis study represents a pioneering attempt to investigate the economic impact of COVID-19 on restaurant businesses.