Hyperspectral and Thermal Sensing of Stomatal Conductance, Transpiration, and Photosynthesis for Soybean and Maize under Drought.

During water stress, crops undertake adjustments in functional, structural, and biochemical traits. Hyperspectral data and machine learning techniques (PLS-R) can be used to assess water stress responses in plant physiology. In this study, we investigated the potential of hyperspectral optical (VNIR) measurements supplemented with thermal remote sensing and canopy height (h(c)) to detect changes in leaf physiology of soybean (C-3) and maize (C-4) plants under three levels of soil moisture in controlled environmental conditions. We measured canopy evapotranspiration (ET), leaf transpiration (T-r), leaf stomatal conductance (g(s)), leaf photosynthesis (A), leaf chlorophyll content and morphological properties (h(c) and LAI), as well as vegetation cover reflectance and radiometric temperature (T-L,T-Rad). Our results showed that water stress caused significant ET decreases in both crops. This reduction was linked to tighter stomatal control for soybean plants, whereas LAI changes were the primary control on maize ET. Spectral vegetation indices (VIs) and T-L,T-Rad were able to track these different responses to drought, but only after controlling for confounding changes in phenology. PLS-R modeling of g(s), T-r, and A using hyperspectral data was more accurate when pooling data from both crops together rather than individually. Nonetheless, separated PLS-R crop models are useful to identify the most relevant variables in each crop such as T-L,T-Rad for soybean and h(c) for maize under our experimental conditions. Interestingly, the most important spectral bands sensitive to drought, derived from PLS-R analysis, were not exactly centered at the same wavelengths of the studied VIs sensitive to drought, highlighting the benefit of having contiguous narrow spectral bands to predict leaf physiology and suggesting different wavelength combinations based on crop type. Our results are only a first but a promising step towards larger scale remote sensing applications (e.g., airborne and satellite). PLS-R estimates of leaf physiology could help to parameterize canopy level GPP or ET models and to identify different photosynthetic paths or the degree of stomatal closure in response to drought.