A Population Of Heavily Reddened, Optically Missed Novae From Palomar Gattini-Ir: Constraints On The Galactic Nova Rate

The nova rate in the Milky Way remains largely uncertain, despite its vital importance in constraining models of Galactic chemical evolution as well as understanding progenitor channels for Type Ia supernovae. The rate has been previously estimated to be in the range of approximate to 10-300 yr(-1), either based on extrapolations from a handful of very bright optical novae or the nova rates in nearby galaxies; both methods are subject to debatable assumptions. The total discovery rate of optical novae remains much smaller (approximate to 5-10 yr(-1)) than these estimates, even with the advent of all-sky optical time-domain surveys. Here, we present a systematic sample of 12 spectroscopically confirmed Galactic novae detected in the first 17 months of Palomar Gattini-IR (PGIR), a wide-field near-infrared time-domain survey. Operating in the J band (approximate to 1.2 mu m), which is significantly less affected by dust extinction compared to optical bands, the extinction distribution of the PGIR sample is highly skewed to a large extinction values (>50% of events obscured by A(V) greater than or similar to 5 mag). Using recent estimates for the distribution of Galactic mass and dust, we show that the extinction distribution of the PGIR sample is commensurate with dust models. The PGIR extinction distribution is inconsistent with that reported in previous optical searches (null-hypothesis probability <0.01%), suggesting that a large population of highly obscured novae have been systematically missed in previous optical searches. We perform the first quantitative simulation of a 3 pi time-domain survey to estimate the Galactic nova rate using PGIR, and derive a rate of approximate to 43.7(-8.7)(+19.5) yr(-1). Our results suggest that all-sky near-infrared time-domain surveys are well poised to uncover the Galactic nova population.