Stable, Fertile Lines Produced By Hybridization Between Allotetraploids Brassica Juncea (Aabb) And Brassica Carinata (Bbcc) Have Merged The A And C Genomes

Many flowering plant taxa contain allopolyploids that share one or more genomes in common. In the Brassica genus, crop species Brassica juncea and Brassica carinata share the B genome, with 2n = AABB and 2n = BBCC genome complements, respectively. Hybridization results in 2n = BBAC hybrids, but the fate of these hybrids over generations of self-pollination has never been reported.We produced and characterized B. juncea x B. carinata (2n = BBAC) interspecific hybrids over six generations of self-pollination under selection for high fertility using a combination of genotyping, fertility phenotyping, and cytogenetics techniques.Meiotic pairing behaviour improved from 68% bivalents in the F-1 to 98% in the S-5/S-6 generations, and initially low hybrid fertility also increased to parent species levels. The S-5/S-6 hybrids contained an intact B genome (16 chromosomes) plus a new, stable A/C genome (18-20 chromosomes) resulting from recombination and restructuring of A and C-genome chromosomes.Our results provide the first experimental evidence that two genomes can come together to form a new, restructured genome in hybridization events between two allotetraploid species that share a common genome. This mechanism should be considered in interpreting phylogenies in taxa with multiple allopolyploid species.