Gustiness in Thermally-Stratified Urban Turbulent Boundary-Layer Flows and the Influence of Surface Roughness

Gustiness is examined for the wind speed, fluctuations, turbulence intensities and fluxes for a real urban topography. Using large-eddy simulation (LES) and an ensemble sampling approach, which allows a more comprehensive characterisation of the urban morphological features, a wide range of boundary-layer stabilities is considered: the bulk Richardson number, Rb ​∈ ​[−0.41, 0.82]. Ratios of the proposed gustiness statistics, G, over the conventional time-averaged flow and turbulence statistics are maximised for z/Have ​≲ ​1 (where Have is the mean building height). The strong linear scaling of G with the plan-area index (λp) for neutral stratification is found to persist for stably- and unstably-stratified flows (R2 ~ 0.8). By contrast, the non-dimensionalised building-height variability, σH/Have, and the effective frontal-area index, λf^≡λfHave/σH, are argued to be of more appropriateness as scaling parameters for G compared to their original forms, σH and λf. While the sensitivity of G to Rb is well defined at greater heights, the influence of surface inhomogeneity may be strong enough to oppose the effect of thermal stratification in the lower surface layers. Qualitative differences in the sensitivities to the boundary-layer stability are narrowly distinguishable amongst the zeroth-, first- and second-order gustiness statistics. The results are relevant to the understanding of urban wind hazards in thermally-stratified boundary layers.