Progress on Electrochemical Determination of Superoxide Anion

Superoxide anion( O2·- ) is the primary species of the reactive oxygen species( ROS),resulting from the metabolism of O 2 in the living organisms. Its dynamic changes can provide broad implications in physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore,the analytical methods that can determine O2·- real-time and in vivo are receiving more and more attention. In light of these requirements,electrochemical approaches are the most promising candidate technologies in analysis of O2·- due to their simplicity,direct measurements, and ease of miniaturation. This review summarizes the recent progress on electrochemical analysis of O2·- taking into consideration toward the key issues: design of the electrolyte / electrode interface,direct electron transfer of enzymes,and applications in live cells and animals.