Aerosol transport measurements and assessment of risk from infectious aerosols: a case study of two German cash-and-carry hardware/DIY stores

We report experimental results on aerosol dispersion in two large German cash-and-carry hardware/DIY stores to better understand the factors contributing to disease transmission by infectious human aerosols in large indoor environments. We examined the transport of aerosols similar in size to human respiratory aerosols (0.3-10 $\mu$m) in representative locations, such as high-traffic areas and restrooms. In restrooms, the observed decay of aerosol concentrations was consistent with well-mixed air exchange. In all other locations, fast decay times were measured, which were found to be independent of aerosol size (typically a few minutes). From this, we conclude that in the main retail areas, including at checkouts, rapid turbulent mixing and advection is the dominant feature in aerosol dynamics. With this, the upper bound of risk for airborne disease transmission to a susceptible is determined by direct exposure to the exhalation cloud of an infectious. For the example of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we find when speaking without a face mask and aerosol sizes up to an exhalation (wet) diameter of 50 $\mu$m, a distance of 1.5 m to be unsafe. However, at the smallest distance between an infectious and a susceptible, while wearing typical surgical masks and for all sizes of exhaled aerosol, the upper bound of infection risk is only $\sim 5\%$ and decreases further by a factor of 100 ($\sim 0.05\%$) for typical FFP2 masks for a duration of 20 minutes. This upper bound is very conservative and we expect the actual risk for typical encounters to be much lower. The risks found here are comparable to what might be expected in calm outdoor weather.