Restructured Mitochondrial-Nuclear Interaction In Plasmodium Falciparum Dormancy And Persister Survival After Artemisinin Exposure

MBIO(2021)

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摘要
Artemisinin and its semisynthetic derivatives (ART) are fast acting, potent antimalarials; however, their use in malaria treatment is frequently confounded by recru-descences from bloodstream Plasmodium parasites that enter into and later reactivate from a dormant persister state. Here, we provide evidence that the mitochondria of dihydroartemisinin (DHA)-exposed persisters are dramatically altered and enlarged relative to the mitochondria of young, actively replicating ring forms. Restructured mitochondrial-nuclear associations and an altered metabolic state are consistent with stress from reactive oxygen species. New contacts between the mitochondria and nuclei may support communication pathways of mitochondrial retrograde sig-naling, resulting in transcriptional changes in the nucleus as a survival response. Further characterization of the organelle communication and metabolic dependen-cies of persisters may suggest strategies to combat recrudescences of malaria after treatment.IMPORTANCE The major first-line treatment for malaria, especially the deadliest form caused by Plasmodium falciparum, is combination therapy with an artemisinin-based drug (ART) plus a partner drug to assure complete cure. Without an effective partner drug, ART administration alone can fail because of the ability of small populations of blood-stage malaria parasites to enter into a dormant state and survive repeated treat-ments for a week or more. Understanding the nature of parasites in dormancy (persist-ers) and their ability to wake and reestablish actively propagating parasitemias (recru-desce) after ART exposure may suggest strategies to improve treatment outcomes and counter the threats posed by parasites that develop resistance to partner drugs. Here, we show that persisters have dramatically altered mitochondria and mitochondrial-nu-clear interactions associated with features of metabolic quiescence. Restructured asso-ciations between the mitochondria and nuclei may support signaling pathways that enable the ART survival responses of dormancy.
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关键词
malaria, artemisinin-based combination therapy, drug resistance, Airyscan microscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging, mitochondrial retrograde response
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