Modeling of the BOF Tapping Process: The Reactions in the Ladle

A tapping process model of the steel from the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) addressing the reactions in the ladle is proposed. In the model, the effective equilibrium reaction zone (EERZ) method is applied to describe the steel/slag interfacial reaction. The equilibrium reactions in the bulk steel (steel/inclusion/lining wear) and slag (liquid slag/slag additions/lining wear) are considered. The thermodynamic library—ChemApp is used to perform thermodynamic calculation. The process model includes most of the actions during the tapping process, such as the additions of ferroalloys and slag formers, carryover slag entrapment and air pick-up. After the calibration by the industrial measurements of two plants, the model is applied to study the influence of the amount of carryover slag.