The contamination and estimation of dietary intake for perchlorate and chlorate in infant formulas in China

The contents of perchlorate and chlorate were determined in a total of 278 samples of infant formulas marketed in China. The associated health risk via infant and young child formulas consumption for 0-36 month old children in China was also assessed. The contents of perchlorate and chlorate were measured by a validated method with LC-MS and the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.5 mu g kg(-1) and 3.0 mu g kg(-1) for perchlorate and chlorate, respectively. Perchlorate and chlorate were detected in about 85.8% (median 6.92 mu g kg(-1), maximum 74.20 mu g kg(-1)) and 99.3% (median 52.80 mu g kg(-1), maximum 2780 mu g/kg) of the samples. The exposures of infant and young children to perchlorate from formulas were lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI, 0.7 mu g/kg bw/day), which was established by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2015 also proposed a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 3 mu g/kg bw/day for chlorate based on the mean and average concentrations. Only for infants 0-6 month at the 95th percentile did exposures exceed the TDI of 3 mu g/day for chlorate. Therefore, the safety of infant and young child formulas is excellent. To our knowledge, this is the first report to assess the exposure of infant and young child formulas in China to perchlorate and chlorate.