CD38-mediated Inhibition of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase in Macrophages Prevents Endotoxemic Lung Injury

TLR4 signaling via endotoxemia in macrophages promotes macrophage transition to the inflammatory phenotype through NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This transition event has the potential to trigger acute lung injury (ALI). However, relatively little is known about the regulation of NLRP3 and its role in the pathogenesis of ALI. Here we interrogated the signaling pathway activated by CD38, an ectoenzyme expressed in macrophages, in preventing ALI through suppressing NLRP3 activation. Wildtype and Cd38-knockout (Cd38(-/-)) mice were used to assess inflammatory lung injury, and isolated macrophages were used to delineate underlying TLR4 signaling pathway. We showed that CD38 suppressed TLR4 signaling in macrophages by inhibiting Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) through the recruitment of Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) and resulting in the dephosphorylation of activated Btk. Cd38(-/-) mice show enhanced lung polymorphonuclear leukocyte extravasation and severe lung injury. LPS- or polymicrobial sepsis-induced mortality in Cd38(-/-) mice were markedly augmented compared with wild types. CD38 in macrophages functioned by inhibiting Btk activation through activation of SHP2 and resulting dephosphorylation of Btk, and thereby preventing activation of downstream targets NF-kappa B and NLRP3. Cd38(-/-) macrophages displayed markedly increased activation of Btk, NF-kappa B, and NLRP3, whereas in vivo administration of the Btk inhibitor ibrutinib (a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug) prevented augmented TLR4-induced inflammatory lung injury seen in Cd38(-/-) mice. Our findings together show upregulation of CD38 activity and inhibition of Btk activation downstream of TLR4 activation as potential strategies to prevent endotoxemic ALI.