Assessment of Drinking Water Quality and Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Associated with the Feed and Treated Water of Water Treatment Devices (wtds) in Southwest Punjab, India

The present study emphasizes the quality of feed and treated water of water treatment devices (WTDs) of Muktsar district, Punjab. Altogether 72 water samples were analyzed for major ions to identify the contaminant of concern that have potential risk to human health. An elevated level of F-, NO3-, HCO3-, Mg2+, Cl-, and TDS were observed in the feedwater. The removal efficiency of WTDs was found high for Na+, NO3-, Cl-, and SO42- and low for K+, PO43-, and F-. The WTDs seem to be very effective in improving the overall water quality and significantly reduces the non-carcinogenic risk in all studied age groups.