Xenobiotic tracers uncover the gastrointestinal passage, intestinal epithelial cellular uptake and Ago2 loading of milk miRNAs in neonates

Exclusive breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition for most infants, but it is not always possible. Enteral nutrition influences intestinal gene regulation and the susceptibility for inflammatory bowel disorders, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In modern neonatology it is observed that lactase activity increases during intestinal maturation, but formula-fed infants exhibit lower activity levels than milk-fed infants. Since human breast milk has a high miRNA content in comparison to other body fluids, it is controversially discussed whether they could influence gene regulation in term and preterm neonates and thus might vertically transmit developmental relevant signals.Following their cross-species profiling via miRNA deep-sequencing we utilized dietary xenobiotic taxon-specific milk miRNA as tracers in human and porcine neonates, followed by functional studies in primary human fetal intestinal epithelial cells (HIEC-6) using Ad5-mediated miRNA-gene transfer. We show that mammals have in common many milk miRNAs yet exhibit taxon-specific miRNA fingerprints. We traced intact bovine-specific miRNAs from formula-nutrition in human preterm stool and 9 days after the onset of enteral feeding in intestinal cells of preterm piglets. Few hours after introducing enteral feeding in preterm piglets with supplemented reporter miRNAs (cel-miR-39-5p/-3p), we observed enrichment of the xenobiotic cel-miR in blood serum and in Ago2-immunocomplexes from intestinal biopsies. This points to a transmissibility of milk miRNA signals. Ad5-based miRNA-gene transfer into HIEC-6 revealed putative milk miRNA targets on the protein and transcriptome levels. Results suggest that milk miRNAs could influence gene expression in intestinal epithelia of neonates under special conditions.© Creative Commons Icons were downloaded from the Noun Project (https://thenounproject.com/ [‘breastfeeding’ by Gan Khoon Lay from the Noun Project;’milking’ by Laymik from the Noun Project; ‘digestive system’ by Design Science, US, in the Organs Collection; ‘bloodstream’ by Oleksandr Panasovskyi, UA; ‘cell’ by Léa Lortal from the Noun Project; ‘RNA’ by Georgiana Ionescu from the Noun Project; ‘pig’ by parkjisun from the Noun Project; ‘nursery’ by Luis Prado from the Noun Project; ‘arrow up’ by Alex Muravev from the Noun Project; ‘cancer cells’ by dDara from the Noun Project; ‘adenovirus’ by Fariha Begum from the Noun Project]) and arranged for this graphical abstract.