Life cycle emissions and life cycle cost analysis for stationary batteries in different geographies

Motivation In the last decade, renewable energy (RE) technologies have experienced enormous growth and cost reductions. However, key renewables (wind, PV) are intermittent, hence, with growing RE shares, measures to counter-balance intermittency and provide grid stabilization are needed. To this end, energy storage technologies are one important lever. Battery storage technologies are particularly interesting as they can be deployed in several different applications across the electricity supply chain (from generation, in the transmission and distribution grids, to the consumer’s sites) [1] [2] [3].