Interactions of Extracellular Vesicles from Pathogenic Fungi with Innate Leukocytes.

Several studies have shown the immunomodulatory effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by pathogenic fungi. Herein, we discuss the data regarding the immunomodulatory properties of fungal EVs, but also of EVs produced by infected leukocytes. This characterizes a two-way path, in which both host and fungal EVs could coexist and play crucial roles in disease progression or protection in fungal infections. We suggest that EVs can dictate the progress of fungal diseases, and their potential as therapeutic targets.