Performance evaluation of segmentation methods for assessing the lens of the frog Thoropa miliaris from synchrotron-based phase-contrast micro-CT images.

PURPOSE:In the context of synchrotron microtomography using propagation-based phase-contrast imaging (XSPCT), we evaluated the performance of semiautomatic and automatic image segmentation of soft biological structures by means of Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and volume quantification. METHODS:We took advantage of the phase-contrast effects of XSPCT to provide enhanced object boundaries and improved visualization of the lenses of the frog Thoropa miliaris. Then, we applied semiautomatic segmentation methods 1 and 2 (Interpolation and Watershed, respectively) and method 3, an automatic segmentation algorithm using the U-Net architecture, to the reconstructed images. DSC and volume quantification of the lenses were used to quantify the performance of image segmentation methods. RESULTS:Comparing the lenses segmented by the three methods, the most pronounced difference in volume quantification was between methods 1 and 3: a reduction of 4.24%. Method 1, 2 and 3 obtained the global average DSC of 97.02%, 95.41% and 89.29%, respectively. Although it obtained the lowest DSC, method 3 performed the segmentation in a matter of seconds, while the semiautomatic methods had the average time to segment the lenses around 1 h and 30 min. CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggest that the performance of U-Net was impaired due to the irregularities of the ROI edges mainly in its lower and upper regions, but it still showed high accuracy (DSC = 89.29%) with significantly reduced segmentation time compared to the semiautomatic methods. Besides, with the present work we have established a baseline for future assessments of Deep Neural Networks applied to XSPCT volumes.