Association of Prenatal Antibiotics and Mode of Birth With Otolaryngology Surgery in Offspring: A National Data Linkage Study.

BACKGROUND:Pediatric otolaryngology surgery is commonly performed after recurrent infections and allergy/atopy. Prenatal antibiotic exposure and cesarean section deliveries increase the risk of severe infection and allergy/atopy in the offspring, but the relationship with common, related surgical outcomes is unknown. This study measures the associations between prenatal antibiotic use and mode of birth with common pediatric otolaryngology surgery. METHODS:Data linkage analysis of all live-born, singleton children, born between 2008 and 2018 was done using Norwegian national health registry data. Exposures of interest were prenatal antibiotics and mode of birth. The primary outcome was common otolaryngology surgery before 10 years of age. Exposure-outcome associations were estimated through multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for predefined covariates. Interaction between exposures was explored. RESULTS:Of 539,390 children, 146,832 (27.2%) had mothers who were prescribed antibiotics during pregnancy, 83,473 (15.5%) were delivered via cesarean section, and 48,565 (9.0%) underwent an otolaryngology surgery during the study period. Prenatal antibiotic exposure [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.22; 95% CI: 1.20-1.24] and cesarean section (aHR, 1.14; 95% CI: 1.11-1.16) were each associated with otolaryngology surgery after mutual adjustment. There was some evidence of an interaction between the 2 exposures (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS:Antibiotic exposure in pregnancy and cesarean section may adversely affect early immune development and increase the risk of recurrent upper airway infections and allergy/atopy that may require otolaryngology surgery. Mechanistic studies are warranted to explore genetic and/or molecular pathways that explain these findings. This may identify potential therapeutic targets to reduce the burden of otolaryngology surgery.