The Impact of Spatial Patterns of Bunaken Subdistrict Settlements on Mangrove Ecosystems in Manado Coastal City

Abstract Based on the results of the studies by Sasauw et al (2016), the ecological conditions in the area of mangroves in Manado city is unstable, evidenced by the low diversity of species R. apiculata, although density and frequency of species have high value. Bunaken is one sub­district in the coastal city of Manado, consisting of five sub-rurals, where the 3 villages (Molas, Meras and Tongkaina Neighborhood) are located in the coastal area and 2 sub-districts, such as Pandu and Bailang neighborhood are in mountainous regions. Residential area bordering the Bahowo mangrove area (84 ha) is green open space as Manado city protected area. To obtain and analyse data on settlement patterns, the ArcGis software with satellite map is utilized and observations of the infrastructure condition are conducted in the three areas of urban villages located on the shore (adjacent to the area of mangrove forests). The results indicated that the housing pattern of three villages is the combination form (linear and cluster), but linear form is more dominant. In general, the pattern of residential infrastructure networks, especially roads and drainage channels (grey water) is dominant in the direction of the road network and ends in the mangrove forest area.