Spatial patterns of biomass change across Finland in 2009–2015

Forest characteristics vary largely at the regional level and in smaller geographic areas in Finland. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions is related to changes in biomass and the soil type (e.g. upland soils vs. peatlands). Spatially accurate map data of forests and biomass changes could improve the ability to suggest optimal management alternatives for any patch of land, e.g. in terms of climate change mitigation. In our study, estimating and explaining spatial patterns of biomass change across Finland was the main interest. We analysed biomass changes on different soil and site types on forested land using the Finnish Multi-Source National Forest Inventory (MS-NFI) map layers of the 2009 and 2015 datasets. Silvicultural management and treatment units larger than individual pixels were created by automatic segmentation of the thematic maps. The segmented MS-NFI biomass maps of growing stocks, including above and below ground biomass resulted an average estimate of 77.7 tons ha-1 compared to the national forest inventory estimate of 76.5 tons ha-1 in 2015 for Finland. Forest soil type had a similar effect on average biomass in segmented MS-NFI and NFI data. Despite good regional and country-level results, at the segment level the biomass distributions were narrowed and averaging of biomass estimates was observed. Hence, biomass changes on segments can be considered only approximate values; also, those small differences in average biomass may accumulate when map layers from more than one time point are compared. MS-NFI classification results depend on the satellite images and field data used, causing variation in successive inventories. In addition, to avoid false biomass change observations due to the low growth rate of boreal forests, a six-year study period was set. A kappa of 0.44 was achieved for precision when comparing undisturbed and disturbed forest stands in the Global Forest Cover layer and MS-NFI segmented map, indicating the low ability of the global forest map to identify land cover changes for Finland. The segmented biomass maps provide a useful tool for forest owners to analyse carbon stock changes in their forests and how to affect the amount of carbon by forest management. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.