Design and development of conductive nanomaterials for electrochemical sensors: a modern approach

This review describes the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles, nanocarbons, conducting polymers, and nanocomposites. The integration of these nanomaterials on the flexible matrix (e.g. paper, cloth and carbon paper, polyethylene terephthalate) and non -flexible substrate (glass and glassy carbon electrodes) using direct-writing, inkjet printing, screen-printing, and three-dimensional printing techniques are discussed. The fluidic properties of nano-ink printing on different substrates for efficient electrode preparation in electrochemical sensing applications are also discussed. Finally, the printed electrodes are summarized to analyze environmental, biological, food, and pharmaceutical contaminants such as drugs, toxicants, metal ions, pesticides, and biomolecules. The advancement of electrochemical devices is encompassed in developing electrochemical sensors that will continue to innovate userfriendly sensors for all purposes in the future. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.