Combined effects of temperature and nutrients on the toxicity of cadmium in duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis)

Global anthropogenic changes are altering the temperature and nutrients of the ecosystem, which might also affect the extent of cadmium (Cd) toxicity in organisms. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of temperature and nutrient availability (here, nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P]) on Cd toxicity in duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis). The growth parameters, nutrient uptake, and Cd tolerance of plantlets reached their highest values for duckweed grown in medium with 28 mg/L N and 2.4 mg/L P (N:P = 11.67) at 25 degrees C under 1 mg/L CdCl2 exposure. Raising the temperature (from 18 degrees C to 25 degrees C) and levels of N and P (from 0.01 N/P to 2 N/P) enhanced photosynthetic capacity and nutrient uptake, thus promoting plant growth and diluting the toxic effects of Cd. Although Cd uptake increased with increasing temperature, duckweed with relatively high biomass exhibited a lower accumulation of the toxic metal because their growth rate exceeded Cd uptake rate. Increasing N and P supply also enhanced the tolerance of duckweed to Cd by limiting Cd bioavailability. Our study therefore suggests the importance of combined effects from temperature and nutrients for Cd toxicity and provides novel insights for a comprehensive analysis of Cd toxicity associated with the environmental factors of a particular ecosystem.