Nanoparticle targeting of de novo profibrotic macrophages mitigates lung fibrosis

The pathogenesis of lung fibrosis involves hyperactivation of innate and adaptive immune pathways that release inflammatory cytokines and growth factors such as tumor growth factor (TGF)beta 1 and induce aberrant extracellular matrix protein production. During the genesis of pulmonary fibrosis, resident alveolar macrophages are replaced by a population of newly arrived monocyte-derived interstitial macrophages that subsequently transition into alveolar macrophages (Mo-AMs). These transitioning cells initiate fibrosis by releasing profibrotic cytokines and remodeling the matrix. Here, we describe a strategy for leveraging the up-regulation of the mannose receptor CD206 in interstitial macrophages and Mo-AM to treat lung fibrosis. We engineered mannosylated albumin nanoparticles, which were found to be internalized by fibrogenic CD206(+) monocyte derived macrophages (Mo-Macs). Mannosylated albumin nanoparticles incorporating TGF beta 1 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted the profibrotic subpopulation of CD206(+) macrophages and prevented lung fibrosis. The findings point to the potential utility of mannosylated albumin nanoparticles in delivering TGF beta-siRNA into CD206(+) profibrotic macrophages as an antilung fibrosis strategy.