In Operando Identification of In Situ Formed Metalloid Zinc(delta+) Active Sites for Highly Efficient Electrocatalyzed Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Electrochemical CO2-to-CO conversion provides a possible way to address problems associated with the greenhouse effect; however, developing low-cost electrocatalysts to mediate high-efficiency CO2 reduction remains a challenge on account of the limited understanding of the nature of the real active sites. Herein, we reveal the Zn delta+ metalloid sites as the real active sites of stable nonstoichiometric ZnOx structure derived from Zn2P2O2 through operando X-ray absorption fine structure analysis in conjunction with evolutionary-algorithm-based global optimization. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental results demonstrated that Zn delta+ metalloid active sites could facilitate the activation of CO2 and the hydrogenation of *CO2, thus accelerating the CO2-to-CO conversion. Our work establishes a critical fundamental understanding of the origin of the real active center in the zinc-based electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction reaction.