Proposal for transduction between microwave and optical photons using $\mathrm{^{167}Er}$:YSO

Efficient transduction devices that reversibly convert optical and microwave quantum signals into each other are essential for integrating different technologies. Rare-earth ions in solids, and in particular Erbium ions, with both optical and microwave addressable transitions are promising candidates for designing transducers. We propose a microwave-to-optical quantum transducer scheme based on the dark state protocol in Er doped into yttrium orthosilicate (YSO) at zero external magnetic field. Zero-field operation is beneficial for superconducting resonators that can incur extra losses in magnetic fields. By calculating the fidelity and efficiency of the transducer, considering the most important imperfections, we show that an efficient conversion is possible with a high fidelity. We also investigate the microwave transitions of Er:YSO that can be used for the transducer protocol.