Genetic Aspects in Congenital Heart Diseases in Infant of Diabetic Mother: A Review Article

Background: The pathogenesis and effects of maternal diabetes on their infants is still not entirely understood, but it's likely to have several teratogenic mechanisms. The fetal heart is anatomically and physiologically altered by diabetes mellitus. About 400 genes are thought to be involved in the etiology of congenital heart disease such as DAW1, DNAI1,DRC1, PDE2A,CCDC39,TMEM67, and ICAM. Endothelial cells and immune system cells exhibit the cell surface glycoprotein CD54, also known as intercellular adhesion mollecule-1 (ICAM-1), which is thought to contribute to atherogenesis by increasing monocyte accumulation within the artery intima. In adult individuals with unexplained cardiac dysfunction as well as animals with myocarditis, ICAM-1 expression has been seen on cardiac myocytes. So, the aim of our review is to explore variant genetic aspects implicated in development of congenital heart diseases (CHD) in infants of diabetic mothers and the possible effect of diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Genes that were highly enriched in cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) were found to be among the many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in embryonic heart tissues from diabetic mothers, including ICAM-1, which had the greatest connection degree in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) of both upregulated DEGs and shared DEGs and are major determinants in development of CHD among infant born to diabetic mothers.