Y Effect of scan angle on ALS metrics and area-based predictions of forest attributes for balsam fir dominated stands

Y In this study, we assessed the effect of airborne laser scanning (ALS) scan angle on point cloud metrics and the estimation of forest attributes in balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) dominated forests of western Newfoundland, Canada. We collected calibration data from ground plot locations representing varying scan angles from two flight lines: within 4. of nadir in one flight line, and either 11-20. from nadir (low scan angle plots: L), or 21-30. from nadir (high scan angle plots: H) in an adjacent flight line. We computed three sets of ALS point cloud metrics for each ground plot using ALS data from: individual flight lines (near-nadir and off-nadir) and data fromall available flight lines (up to 4) combined (aggregated, as commonly used in an operational inventory context). We generated three sets of models for each of the L and H plots using the ALS metric sets, and applied the models to independent validation data. We analysed the effect of scan angle on both the ALS metrics and performance statistics for area-based models generated using the L and H datasets. Our results demonstrate that off-nadir scan angles significantly affected (P < 0.05) specific metrics from both L (i.e. coefficient of variation (COVAR)) and H (i.e. maximum height, 95th percentile of height, mean height) plots, although the effects were trivial (mean absolute differences were <= 0.01 for COVAR and < 0.3 m for the height metrics). Forest attribute predictions using these and other metricswere also significantly affected (P < 0.05), namely gross merchantable volume (GMV), total volume (TVOL) and aboveground tree biomass (AGB) from L; and Lorey's mean height (HGT), mean diameter at breast height (DBH), and GMV from H. We further demonstrated that combining ALS data from all available flight lines significantly increased errors for the predictions of HGT, GMV, and TVOL using L, and significantly reduced errors of HGT using H when compared to errors resulting from models developed with near-nadir data. While the differences in prediction errors were significant, they were small, with differences in mean absolute prediction errors all <1.3 per cent. Based on our results, we concluded that the effects of large scan angles, up to 30 degrees off-nadir, on area-based forest attribute predictions were minimal in this study, which used ALS metrics calculated from ALS returns with a height above ground >2m for balsam fir-dominated forests. This result may provide for operational efficiencies in implementing enhanced forest inventories in this particular forest environment.