Evaluation of organic and inorganic gunshot residues in various populations using LC-MS/MS

•Analysis of GSR evidence using machine learning and likelihood ratios offers a comprehensive interpretation framework.•Statistical analysis of OGSR/IGSR profiles can distinguish complex non-shooter and shooter population groups.•Identification of GSR is possible even after a shooter engages in some typical post-shooting activities.•The population study shows compounds associated with IGSR are more prevalent in non-shooters than those related to OGSR.•The combined profiles of IGSR/OGSR increase confidence in classifications and evidence interpretation.