Genomic Assessment of an Endemic Hawaiian Surgeonfish, Acanthurus Triostegus Sandvicensis, Reveals High Levels of Connectivity and Fine-Scale Population Structure

The Hawaiian Archipelago has served as a natural laboratory to assess genetic connectivity patterns across a broad spectrum of taxonomic and ecological diversity. Almost all these studies were based on a few targeted loci, but technologies now allow us to assess population structure with genomic coverage and greater resolution. Here, we provide a SNP-based analysis for an endemic surgeonfish, Acanthurus triostegus sandvicensis (manini) across the Hawaiian Archipelago and adjacent Johnston Atoll (N = 461). Based on 3649 SNPs, manini showed population structure in the main Hawaiian Islands, but genetic homogeneity across most of the northwestern extent of the archipelago (overall F-ST = 0.033, P < 0.001). Net migration occurred from Johnston Atoll into Hawai'i, providing further support for Johnston Atoll being a pathway for dispersal (or colonization) into Hawai ' i. These results highlight the higher efficacy of genomic sequencing to characterize fine-scale patterns of connectivity relative to a targeted loci approach and, moving forward, may invoke a reassessment of past connectivity studies in a genomics framework.