Structural mechanisms of inflammasome regulation revealed by cryo-EM studies

Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes that form in response to pathogen or damage signals and initiate inflammation. Signal transduction in the inflammasome pathway occurs via protein–protein interaction, protein conformational change, and oligomerization. Recent advances in structural biology have provided multiple insights in inflammasome regulation that are both biologically intriguing and therapeutically valuable. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of three most studied inflammasome complexes: the NAIP/NLRC4, NLRP1, and NLRP3 inflammasomes. We discuss the general mechanisms and unique features of their regulation and how investigating these systems may contribute to therapeutic applications.