Neonatologist-Performed Cranial Ultrasonography in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Cranial ultrasound (CUS) is an initial screening imaging tool used to evaluate the neonatal brain. It is an accessible, inexpensive, and harmless technique that can be used at bedside as frequently as required. Timely focused CUS in the neonatal care unit can play a major role in the diagnosis, follow-up, and management of brain damage. Despite the increasing use of point-of-care ultrasonography by intensive care physicians, neonatologist-performed CUS remains unusual. This review aims to provide an overview of neonatal CUS to neonatologists, focusing on the optimal settings, standard planes of the brain, and main pathologies in preterm infants. Adding Doppler studies allows evaluation of the patency of intracranial arteries and veins, flow velocities, and indices. This may provide an opportunity for earlier targeted circulatory support to prevent brain injury and improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.