Late Holocene Transition from Natural to Anthropogenic Forcing of Vegetation Change in the Semi-Arid Region of Northern China

Understanding the vegetation response to climate change and human activities during the Holocene may help predict the future trajectory of vegetation change. Moreover, in the semi-arid region of northern China, it may also provide a scientific basis for addressing ecological problems and achieving sustainable development goals. Based on 5 AMS C-14 dates and 259 fossil pollen samples from the sediments of Lake Gouchi in Shaanxi Province, China, we reconstructed the pattern and process of vegetation succession in the monsoon margin area since the mid-Holocene. Combined with records of regional monsoonal precipitation and archaeological data, we use the results to evaluate changes in the relationship between vegetation, climate change and human activities. The vegetation development during 8-1 ka (1 ka = 1000 cal a BP, BP = before present, where "present" is 1950 AD) was mainly controlled by natural climate change. Optimum vegetation conditions occurred during 7.8-5.3 ka when the monsoon precipitation was the strongest. The vegetation during this interval was mainly grassland with Artemisia. Meanwhile, the percentage of hygrophytes reached its maximum. During 5.3-1 ka, the monsoon precipitation decreased and the proportion of xerophytes increased, while the proportion of hygrophytes decreased. After similar to 1 ka, human activities became the dominant driver of vegetation change. The proportion of xerophytes increased during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, 1000-1300 AD), while the proportion of hygrophytes increased during the early stage of the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1400-1900 AD). This suggests that the shifts between the humid climate of the MWP and the arid climate of the LIA had relatively little influence on the vegetation. The pollen of anthropochores increased substantially after similar to 1 ka, together with an increase in the sediment accumulation rate at Lake Gouchi. Thus, it is likely that human activity began to significantly affect the evolution of the regional vegetation as early as similar to 1000 years ago. A synthesis of the timing of the transition from natural to anthropogenic forcing of vegetation change in China reveals pronounced spatial differences. In northern China human activity began to dominate vegetation change from similar to 2 to 1 ka (especially since 1 ka), while in southern China, a significant human impact on the vegetation occurred much earlier, during similar to 5-3 ka. In the future, under the combined effects of a drying climate and the further intensification of human activities in northern China, it will become increasingly important to implement science-based environmental planning in order to restore the regional vegetation and promote the sustainable development of the terrestrial ecosystems of the region. (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.