Perceived threat of informal players: Enhancing the operational performance of inbound tour operators through coopetition

This paper explores the effect of the perceived threat of informal tourism actors on the operational performance of formal actors. Based on data collected from 130 inbound tour operators, the paper develops and tests a conceptual model representing the effect of the perceived threat of informal actors. The analysis has revealed a complementary partial mediation effect of the perceived threat of informal actors on operational performance. The perceived threat of informal actors is significantly associated with operating performance, both directly and indirectly, via increased coopetition among tour operators. The findings provide a basis for theoretical and managerial recommendations.