Robust Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Isoprenaline Using Hexagonal Co3O4 Nanoplates Embedded in Few-Layer Ti3C2Tx Nanosheets

Metal oxide-based electrochemical sensors, despite their robust redox activity, lack sufficient conductivity to overcome their sluggish kinetics. Herein, we propose a unique self-assembled hybrid configuration based on redox-active Co3O4 hexagons (Co3O4-HX) and the highly conductive, few-layer-thick Ti3C2Tx sheets. The self-assembly approach enabled the compact interfacial formation and moderate intercalation of Ti3C2Tx sheets, allowing the Co3O4/Ti3C2Tx composite (Co3O4-MX) to exhibit a synergetic improvement in the charge-transfer rate and oxidation current response toward isoprenaline (ISPT), a neurotransmitter drug. The hybrid composite when devised as an electrochemical sensor gives rise to a 7.9-fold higher oxidation current response to 0.65 mu M ISPT than its pristine Co3O4 counterpart. The improved charge kinetics and generation of a superior oxidation current emphasized the critical role of Ti3C2Tx as an interactive substrate in the Co3O4-MX hybrid. The analytical detection capability assessed via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) confirmed the sensor's high selectivity and marked stability both in low and high concentration ranges of ISPT ((0.01 to 0.33 mu M) and 0.5 to 0.9 mu M) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3 x 10(-3) mu M (for low concentrations). Importantly, the fabricated sensor could detect ISPT from harsh biological environments such as human urine samples with a recovery rate of 99%. Moreover, the sensor exhibited a stable working response during its prolonged storage of 30 days in an aqueous PBS system. The proposed route of using MXenes as a conductive substrate paves the way for developing a robust metal-oxide-based redox-active hybrid system for the sensitive detection of important therapeutic compounds.