Hepatic and blood alterations in Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles exposed to sulfamethoxazole and oxytetracycline

In this study the effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and oxytetracyclyne (OTC) on Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles were evaluated, through the analyzes of the fre-quencies of micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes, alterations in leucocytes, liver histopa-thology, and changes in hepatic esterase activities and oxidative stress biomarkers. The animals were exposed for 16 days at concentrations of 0 (control), 20, 90 and 460 ng L-1. No significant difference was found in the frequencies of micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities. The two highest concentrations of SMX and all con-centrations of OTC caused a significant increase in the number of lymphocytes. A significant decrease in the number of neutrophils compared to the control group was observed for all concentrations tested of both anti-biotics. Also, decrease in the activity of glutathione S-transferase and high histopathological severity scores, indicating liver damage, were found in tadpoles exposed to the two highest concentrations of SMX and all concentrations of OTC. The main changes in the liver histopathology were the presence of inflammatory infil-trate, melanomacrophages, vascular congestion, blood cells and eosinophils. Esterase activities were unchanged. Indeed, the two highest concentrations of OTC caused a reduction in the activities of superoxide dismutase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, while the highest concentration inhibited the activity of glutathione peroxidase and increased protein carbonyl levels. These results evidences that environmentally realistic con-centrations of SMX and OTC in aquatic environments are capable to significantly disrupt tadpoles' physiology, possibly affecting negatively their survival rate in natural environments.