Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (Sluggish Cognitive Tempo) and Social Withdrawal: Advancing a Conceptual Model to Guide Future Research

Objective: Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS, previously referred to as "sluggish cognitive tempo") is a set of symptoms defined by excessive mind-wandering, mental confusion, and slowed behaviors separable from ADHD inattention. Method: Of the studies examining CDS in relation to psychosocial outcomes, one of the most established correlates of CDS is social withdrawal. However, studies have yet to test mechanisms or moderators of the link between CDS and social withdrawal. Results: As a parallel body of literature exists in developmental psychopathology on predictors and outcomes of social withdrawal, this review merges these literatures to identify themes and advance a conceptual model on mechanisms (e.g., task-unrelated thought, poorer social skills, social anxiety) and moderators (e.g., behavioral inhibition, sex, parenting) of the CDS and social withdrawal link. Conclusion: This model provides researchers and clinicians with testable hypotheses to better understand the link between CDS and social withdrawal and to identify treatment targets to improve the social engagement of youth with CDS.