Elevated CO 2 Could Reduce Spikelet Fertility and Grain Appearance Quality of Rice( Oryza sativa L.) Grown under High-temperature Conditions

Two Japanese rice cultivars with different heat-tolerance, Hinohikari (sensitive) and Nikomaru (tolerant), were grown in pots inside open-top chambers and exposed to ambient CO 2 (400 µmol mol −1 ) or elevated CO 2 (550 µmol mol −1 ) from the beginning of the tillering stage to maturity. The study was conducted in Nagasaki, in the Kyushu region of Japan, where heat stress on rice has become increasingly evident. Although elevated CO 2 significantly improved the net photosynthesis and whole-plant growth of the cultivars, there were no significant effects on grain yield, which in turn reduced harvest index. In both cultivars, adverse effects occurred with elevated CO 2 , such as reductions in spikelet fertility and grain appearance quality, which are typical manifestations of heat stress in rice. During the flowering period, the air temperature was high that spikelet fertility was reduced even under ambient CO 2 conditions for both cultivars. These results suggest that, under high-temperature conditions, elevated CO 2 could induce or exacerbate the manifestations of heat stress in rice. Because transpiration rate in the flag leaf was significantly reduced by the exposure to elevated CO 2 , it is possible that elevated CO 2 increased plant temperature via a reduction in transpiration during flowering period, although we did not detect significance of the increase in leaf and panicle temperature. To ensure a more confident conclusion, further studies focusing on the effects of elevated CO 2 on the determinants of spikelet fertility and grain appearance quality with other cultivars in different year are required.