Protecting Minors from Tobacco Products: Public Interest Litigation Enables Enforcement in China.

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune bleeding disorder which characterizes with platelet production impairment and platelet destruction increment. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells (Tregs) are involved in the immune pathogenesis of ITP. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are also involved in ITP and their loss of function is shown to facilitate immune disorders. Thus, the miRNA expression profile in Tregs from ITP was analyzed in this study. We assessed the genome-wide miRNA expression profile of three newly diagnosed adult patients with ITP and three healthy controls using microarray analysis of CD4+CD25+CD127dim/− Tregs that were sorted using an immune magnetic bead kit. The miRNA microarray chip was based on miRBase 18.0 and Volcano Plot filtering software used to analyze the miRNA profile in Tregs. Distinct miRNA expression was further validated by fluorescence-based real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). We found that 502 human miRNAs were differentially expressed (244 upregulated and 258 downregulated) in patients with ITP compared with healthy donors. We identified 37 miRNAs expressed significantly, including 26 upregulated and 11 downregulated. Among the deregulated miRNAs, three downregulated miRNAs including miR-155–5p, miR-146b-5p, and miR-142–3p were selected for qPCR verification. We confirmed that miR-155–5p, miR-146b–5p, and miR-142–3p were significantly decreased in Tregs from patients with ITP compared with healthy controls. Compared with the healthy controls, miRNAs expressed differentially in the Tregs of patients with ITP. The levels of expression of miR-155–5p, miR-146b-5p, and miR-142–3p were significantly decreased. Therefore, the deregulation of miRNAs may affect the function of Tregs in the course of ITP.