Post-gastrulation Transition from Whole-Body to Tissue-Specific Intercellular Calcium Signaling in the Appendicularian Tunicate Oikopleuradioica.

We recently described calcium signaling in the appendicularian tunicate Oikopleura dioica during pre-gastrulation stages, and showed that regularly occurring calcium waves progress throughout the embryo in a characteristic spatiotemporal pattern from an initiation site in muscle lineage blastomeres. Here, we have extended our observations to the period spanning from gastrulation to post-hatching stages. We find that repetitive Ca2+ waves persist throughout this developmental window, albeit with a gradual increase in frequency. The initiation site of the waves shifts from muscle cells at gastrulation and early tailbud stages, to the central nervous system at late tailbud and post-hatching stages, indicating a transition from muscle-driven to neurally driven events as tail movements emerge. At these later stages, both the voltage gated Na+ ​channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) and the T-type Ca2+ channel blocker and nAChR antagonist mecamylamine eliminate tail movements. At late post-hatching stages, mecamylamine blocks Ca2+ signals in the muscles but not the central nervous system. Post-gastrulation Ca2+ signals also arise in epithelial cells, first in a haphazard pattern in scattered cells during tailbud stages, evolving after hatching into repetitive rostrocaudal waves with a different frequency than the nervous system-to-muscle waves, and insensitive to mecamylamine. The desynchronization of Ca2+ waves arising in different parts of the body indicates a shift from whole-body to tissue/organ-specific Ca2+ signaling dynamics as organogenesis occurs, with neurally driven Ca2+ signaling dominating at the later stages when behavior emerges.