Corneal and scleral biomechanics in ophthalmic diseases: An updated review

Corneal and scleral biomechanical properties have important implications in the maintenance of normal ocular morphology and function. The cornea and sclera compose the outermost layer of the eyeball, forming a sphere with a certain degree of intraocular pressure, and are therefore under dynamic loading conditions. Recently, several major ophthalmic conditions have been shown to be linked to corneal and scleral biomechanical properties, such as ametropia, corneal pathologies, ocular surface disease, and glaucoma. A profound understanding of corneal and scleral biomechanics is essential to clarifying disease pathogenesis, improving diagnostic ability, and developing treatment strategies. This review aims to highlight the role of corneal and scleral biomechanics in ophthalmology and its clinical translation. Specifically, advances and prospects in corneal and scleral biomechanics and possible associated diseases are addressed.