Bet-hedging Bigmouth Buffalo (ictiobus Cyprinellus) Recruit Episodically over a 127-Year Timeframe in Saskatchewan

The bigmouth buffalo ( Ictiobus cyprinellus) is an iconic freshwater fish native to North America that is in decline. Recent studies have revealed bigmouth buffalo exhibit a slow pace of life, yet demographic information on bigmouth buffalo outside of North Dakota and Minnesota is lacking. We used otoliths to investigate population demographics of bigmouth buffalo in Canada, and also monitored bigmouth buffalo spawning frequency and reproductive success in the wild. From a sample of 52 fish collected during 2018–2021 we found bigmouth buffalo from the Qu'Appelle system more than 125 years old. Only 13 year classes ranging from 1894–1997 were evident with one year class since 1948, indicating recruitment has been episodic. During the past decade (2013–2022) bigmouth buffalo have spawned only once (May 2013) in Buffalo Pound Lake. This spawning effort culminated in recruitment failure because the water-level recession rate was too rapid. Our findings indicate that bigmouth buffalo spawning attempts as well as recruitment occur within a narrow range of water-level fluctuations that may rarely occur, which is enabled by their supercentenarian lifespan, and has direct implications for the conservation of this species.