Outer membrane protein of OmpF contributes to swimming motility, biofilm formation, osmotic response as well as the transcription of maltose metabolic genes in Citrobacter werkmanii

Bacterial outer membrane proteins (Omps) are essential for environmental sensing, stress responses, and substance transport. Our previous study discovered that OmpA contributes to planktonic growth, biocide resistance, biofilm formation, and swimming motility in Citrobacter werkmanii , whereas the molecular functions of OmpF in this strain are largely unknown. Thus, in this study, the ompF gene was firstly knocked out from the genome of C. werkmanii using a homologous recombination method, and its phenotypical alternations of ∆ompF were then thoroughly characterized using biochemical and molecular approaches with the parental wild type (WT) and complementary ( ∆ompF -com) strains. The results demonstrated that the swimming ability of ∆ompF on semi-solid plates was reduced compared to WT due to the down-regulation of flgC , flgH , fliK , and fliF . Meanwhile, ompF deletion reduces biofilm formation on both glass and polystyrene surfaces due to decreased cell aggregation. Furthermore, ompF inactivation induced different osmotic stress (carbon sources and metal ions) responses in its biofilms when compared to WT and ∆ompF -com. Finally, a total of 6 maltose metabolic genes of lamB , malE , malK , malG , malM , and malF were all up-regulated in ∆ompF . The gene knockout and HPLC results revealed that the MalEFGK2 cluster was primarily responsible for maltose transport in C. werkmanii . Furthermore, we discovered for the first time that the upstream promoter of OmpF and its transcription can be combined with and negatively regulated by MalT. Overall, OmpF plays a role in a variety of biochemical processes and molecular functions in C. werkmanii , and it may even act as a targeted site to inhibit biofilm formation.