A novel method for characterising the inter- and intra-lake variability of CH4 emissions: validation and application across a latitudinal transect in the Alpine region

Lakes in the Alpine region are recognised as critical CH4 emitters, but a robust characterisation of the magnitude and variability of CH4 fluxes is still needed. We developed a mobile platform for CH4 eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements to tackle this gap. Our approach was shown to be well suited to catch all CH4 emission pathways and overcome the limitations of other methods (e.g., gradient-based). This is by surpassing their local nature and thus being suited for characterising the variability of the within-lake emissions, primarily because of CH4 emissions by ebullition stochasticity. The mobile system was deployed at nine lakes across a latitudinal transect in the Alps and validated by comparing the measured fluxes with a fixed EC station and to chambers and boundary layer estimates. Methane fluxes were explained by water turbidity, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved nitrogen, elevation, particulate organic carbon, and total phosphorus. The highest fluxes and most substantial seasonal variability were found in a shallow low-altitude lake in the Southern Alps. Additionally, the mobile EC permitted to resolve the spatial structure of fluxes at the selected lakes. Finally, we demonstrated the usability of our novel mobile system to characterise intra- and inter-lake variability of fluxes. We suggest that characterising the intra-lake emission heterogeneity and a deeper understanding of inter-lake emission magnitude differences is fundamental for a solid estimate of freshwater CH4 budgets. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.